Psychotechnics: the early twentieth-century applied discipline that measured human aptitude for vocational selection and guidance; proposed by William Stern in 1903 and codified by Hugo Münsterberg in 1913–1914. Aptitude test: a standardized instrument intended to predict performance in a role or training program, typically combining timed paper tasks and, historically, apparatus-based sensorimotor measurements.
Person–job fit: the principle that selection and work design should align individual capacities with task demands — the central idea psychotechnics bequeathed to modern practice. Human factors (ergonomics): the post-war discipline, formalized around 1949, that designs equipment and environments around human capabilities and limits. Industrial-organizational psychology: the contemporary successor field covering personnel selection, assessment, and workplace behavior.